A Visual Feast of Galaxies: The COSMOS-Web Field | James Webb Space Telescope
Image Description: An area of deep space with thousands of galaxies in various shapes and sizes on a black background. Most are circles or ovals with a few spirals. More distant galaxies are redder in color and smaller, down to being mere dots, while closer galaxies are a bit larger and white or blueish. A few gold-colored galaxies are bunched closely together in the center. Bright stars surrounded by spikes lie in our galaxy.
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Image Description: An area of deep space with thousands of galaxies in various shapes and sizes on a black background. A few gold-colored galaxies are bunched closely together in the center. A large, translucent purple cloud lies over the galaxies, thickest across the center where the gold galaxies sit, and fainter up to the right. This shows where X-rays are emitted by hot gas in the group of galaxies.
These new pictures from the NASA/European Space Agency/Canadian Space Agency James Webb Space Telescope features an astounding number of galaxies. The objects in this frame span an incredible range of distances, from stars within our own Milky Way, marked by diffraction spikes, to galaxies billions of light-years away.
The star of this image is a group of galaxies with the largest concentration that can be found just below the center of this image. These galaxies glow with white-gold light. We see this galaxy group as it appeared when the Universe was 6.5 billion years old, a little less than half the Universe’s current age.
More than half of the galaxies in our Universe belong to galaxy groups like the one pictured here. Studying galaxy groups is critical for understanding how individual galaxies link up to form galaxy clusters, the largest gravitationally bound structures in the Universe. Belonging to a galaxy group can also alter the course of a galaxy’s evolution through mergers and gravitational interactions.
The galaxy group pictured here is the most massive group in what is called the COSMOS-Web field. COSMOS stands for Cosmic Evolution Survey. This survey has enlisted several telescopes, including Webb, the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, and ESA’s XMM-Newton space observatory to gaze deeply at a single patch of sky. The COSMOS-Web galaxy group team, led by Dr. Gozaliasl, has presented largest sample of galaxy groups detected by Webb thus far using the Amico algorithm.
COSMOS-Web aims to understand how massive structures like galaxy clusters came to be. Webb’s infrared capabilities and sensitive instruments have pushed the search for galaxy groups farther back into cosmic history, revealing galaxy groups as far back as when the Universe was only 1.9 billion years old—just 14% of its current age.
The range of colors is also fascinating, representing both galaxies with different ages of stars—younger stars appear bluer, and older stars appear redder—as well as galaxies at different distances. The more distant a galaxy, the redder it appears.
COSMOS-Web is a 255-hour Webb Treasury program that maps 0.54 square degrees (a little more than two-and-a-half times the area covered by three full moons) of the COSMOS field using four NIRCam filters. Treasury programs have the potential to answer multiple important questions about our Universe.
COSMOS-Web has three key goals: to identify galaxies during the epoch of reionization, when the first stars and galaxies reionized the Universe’s hydrogen gas; to probe the formation of the Universe’s most massive galaxies; and to understand how the relationship between the mass of a galaxy’s stars and the mass of its extended galactic halo evolves over the course of cosmic history.
Acknowledgement: J. Kartaltepe and C. Casey
Release Date: April 29, 2025
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