Early Galaxy MXDFz4.4 in Fornax: Transforming its Neighborhood | Hubble
Astronomers using the NASA/European Space Agency Hubble Space Telescope have found something they never expected: ultraviolet light from a galaxy that existed just 1.4 billion years after the Big Bang. That galaxy contains tightly clustered young stars that produce ionizing light capable of transforming the opaque, neutral gas within and immediately around the galaxy, clearing our view. This suggests that similar galaxies in the early Universe were responsible for clearing the neutral fog of hydrogen gas that once filled the cosmos.
The galaxy, cataloged MXDFz4.4, existed at the end of the era of reionization, a transformative period in our Universe. During roughly the first billion years of the cosmos, the gas between stars and galaxies was opaque to energetic ultraviolet light. As time wore on, gas everywhere became transparent or ionized. The changeover was not like an on/off switch, but likely took hundreds of millions of years. Researchers are still collecting evidence to fully understand how this happened, which is why MXDFz4.4 sets a critical precedent.
A paper describing this discovery was published June 23, 2026 in the Astrophysical Journal.
“Observing a galaxy like this was thought to be impossible,” said lead author Ilias Goovaerts, a postdoctoral fellow at the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in Baltimore. “Researchers expected the ‘fog’ or neutral hydrogen that filled the early Universe would be too thick and obscure our view of its ionising light. Hubble not only spotted that light, but it also helped reveal incredible details about the galaxy’s characteristics.”
Young, massive stars emit ultraviolet light capable of ionizing hydrogen atoms. As this light traveled for over 12 billion years to reach Hubble, space expanded, and the light stretched or redshifted [1] into visible light. Hubble’s wavelength coverage, combined with the sensitivity and resolution of its space-based vantage point, makes it the only telescope capable of capturing this ultraviolet light from the early Universe.
“Astronomers have found many galaxies that existed at this point in the history of the Universe, but we haven’t detected ionizing photons [2] from any of them, making MXDFz4.4 one of a kind,” said Marc Rafelski, a co-author and Hubble deputy mission head at STScI.
Hubble’s long exposures, pulled from several existing surveys, revealed that the galaxy’s young, massive stars are the source of the ultraviolet light that cleared the surrounding space. These stars formed in bursts within the last few million years of MXDFz4.4’s existence and are crammed together.
Amplifying this crowding effect, MXDFz4.4 is about 100 times smaller than our Milky Way galaxy, but is forming stars 10 times faster.
“A lot of young, hot, massive stars in a small space do a better job of blasting through opaque gas,” Goovaerts said. The researchers estimate that 50 to 100% of the young stars’ energetic ionizing light is escaping the surrounding gas.
Massive stars’ lifetimes also play a role, since they live for only a few million years. Many explode as supernovae, releasing gigantic amounts of energy and blowing colossal holes that allow even more light to escape.
Hubble could not do this alone. These conclusions are supported by survey data taken by the NASA/European Space Agency/Canadian Space Agency James Webb Space Telescope in near-infrared light and the MUSE eXtremely Deep Field or MXDF, the galaxy’s namesake, captured by the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope (VLT) in visible light.
The team used Webb’s data to determine the galaxy’s mass, analyze its older stars, and measure the galaxy’s star formation history. The galaxy’s older stars are less massive and cooler, and therefore not responsible for changing the gas around them.
Comparing Hubble and Webb data also showed that recent star formation happened in bursts. Data from the VLT also pinpointed when MXDFz4.4 existed: 1.4 billion years after the Big Bang. Before this discovery, researchers had only identified a galaxy emitting ionized light from a time when the Universe was 1.6 billion years old. Only a few additional examples have been identified, and those existed when the Universe was about 2 billion years old. MXDFz4.4 brings researchers closer to drawing firm conclusions about how the Era of Reionisation unfolded.
"These insights into MXDFz4.4 were possible thanks to the powerful combination of Hubble, Webb and the VLT," said co-author Alexander Beckett, a postdoctoral fellow at the Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille. "Even then, only using state-of-the-art analysis software, that was primarily developed in Marseille, were we able to measure the properties of this remarkable galaxy."
Studying the Era of Reionisation is a decades-old endeavor. Researchers use statistics about star populations in nearby galaxies that we can observe in great detail to make well-informed assumptions about what might be happening in galaxies in the early Universe, in part because their star populations are too distant to resolve in any detail.
In 2023, researchers using Webb showed that galaxies’ stars emitted enough light to heat and ionize the gas around them 900 million years after the Big Bang. This was a breakthrough, but astronomers need galaxies like MXDFz4.4 to fully explain how the process happened, since it shows how the high-energy light from young stars managed to escape the gas and dust within the galaxy itself.
It is possible other galaxies like MXDFz4.4 are waiting to be discovered.
“Hubble’s observations of MXDFz4.4 let us test our hypotheses much closer to the Era of Reionization than ever before,” Rafelski said. “Finding more galaxies, especially at slightly later cosmic times where larger samples are within reach, would let us refine these measurements and figure out what cleared our view as that era was ending.”
[1] As light travels from great distances to Hubble's mirrors, it is stretched to longer and longer red wavelengths, or cosmologically redshifted, as the Universe expands. Astronomers can look for known features in an object's spectrum to see if they are shifted from their normal position on the spectrum. The difference between their normal position and their new position is called their cosmological redshift. Since space and time are interlinked, distant objects with increasing redshift are further back in time because it takes their light so long to reach us. Along with measuring the expansion of the Universe, Hubble can employ its detectors to receive light from early galaxies billions of years ago.
[2] A photon is an elementary particle representing the smallest amount (a quantum) of light and the carrier (gauge boson) of the electromagnetic force. Photons have zero rest mass, no electrical charge, always travel in a vacuum at the speed of light, and carry energy equal to their radiation frequency multiplied by Planck's constant.
The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between ESA and NASA.
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