NASA's New Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope: What Views Can We Expect?

NASA's New Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope: What Views Can We Expect?

NASA’s new Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope will provide one of the deepest-ever views into the heart of our Milky Way galaxy. The mission will monitor hundreds of millions of stars in search of tell-tale flickers that betray the presence of planets, distant stars, small icy objects that haunt the outskirts of our solar system, and isolated black holes. Roman will likely set a new record for the farthest-known exoplanet, offering a glimpse of a different galactic neighborhood that could be home to worlds quite unlike the more than 5,500 that are currently known.

Have you played the Roman Space Observer Video Game yet? (retro 8-bit style): https://roman.gsfc.nasa.gov/game/

Roman’s long-term sky monitoring will enable these results. It represents a boon to what scientists call time-domain astronomy that studies how the universe changes over time. Roman will join a growing, international fleet of observatories working together to capture these changes as they unfold. Roman’s Galactic Bulge Time-Domain Survey will focus on the Milky Way, using the telescope’s infrared vision to see through clouds of dust that can block our view of the crowded central region of our galaxy.

When Roman launches, expected by May 2027, the mission will scour the center of the Milky Way for microlensing events that occur when an object, such as a star or planet, comes into near-perfect alignment with an unrelated background star from our viewpoint. Because anything with mass warps the fabric of space-time, light from the distant star bends around the nearer object as it passes close by. The nearer object, therefore acts as a natural magnifying glass, creating a temporary spike in the brightness of the background star’s light. This signal lets astronomers know there is an intervening object, even if they cannot see it directly.

In current plans, the survey will involve taking an image every 15 minutes around the clock for about two months. Astronomers will repeat the process six times over Roman’s five-year primary mission for a combined total of more than a year of observations.

Astronomers expect the survey to reveal more than a thousand planets orbiting far from their host stars and in systems located farther from Earth than any previous mission has detected. This includes those that could lie within their host star’s habitable zone —the range of orbital distances where liquid water can exist on the surface—and worlds that weigh in at as little as a few times the mass of the Moon.

A similar type of shadow play will reveal 100,000 transiting planets between Earth and the center of the galaxy. These worlds cross in front of their host star as they orbit and temporarily dim the light we receive from the star. This method will reveal planets orbiting much closer to their host stars than microlensing reveals, and likely those that lie in the habitable zone.

All of these scientific discoveries will come from Roman’s Galactic Bulge Time-Domain Survey. It will account for less than a fourth of the observing time in Roman’s five-year primary mission. Its broad view of space will allow astronomers to conduct many of these studies in ways that have never been possible before, giving us a new view of an ever-changing universe.

Learn more about the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope under development: https://roman.gsfc.nasa.gov

Learn about Astronomer Nancy Grace Roman (1925-2018): "Mother of Hubble" https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/people/225/nancy-roman-1925-2018/

Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC)

Producer: Scott Wiessinger (KBR Wyle Services, LLC)

Science writer: Ashley Balzer (ADNET Systems, Inc.)

Writer: Scott Wiessinger (KBR Wyle Services, LLC)

Animator: Adriana Manrique Gutierrez (KBR Wyle Services, LLC)

Graphics: Scott Wiessinger (KBR Wyle Services, LLC)

Narrator: Barb Mattson (University of Maryland College Park)

Scientist: Scott Gaudi (Ohio State University)

Duration: 4 minutes

Release Date: Oct. 24, 2023

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